Patients with NIDDM, diagnosed in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Clinic of Clinical County Emergency Hospital Constanta, according to the European Guide for Diabetes were administered metformin (Siofor R, Berlin Chemie) 500 mg x 2 times /day, together with a diet list comprising approximately 320 mg/day magnesium. The study was performed on a group of 30 adult patients with NIDDM, 18 males and 12 females, with ages between 30 and 60 years ( interval of 30-40y: 2 patients, 40-50y: 13 patients and 50-60y: 15 patients) that have never received any anti-diabetic medication, and a control group of 17 healthy subjects. The action of oral anti-diabetics at the level of vascular endothelium and the cardio-protective effect play an increasing role in the choice of anti-diabetic agents. In the metabolic syndrome, metformin is also the drug of choice. If monotherapy does not provide satisfactory glucose control, other oral anti-diabetic agents or insulin are added in combination. This substance is the drug of choice and should be initiated immediately after diabetes is diagnosed. Metformin is widely regarded as the drug of choice for most patients with type 2 diabetes. This drug does not promote weight gain and has beneficial effects on several cardiovascular risk factors. Metformin is one of the most used drug in the treatment of NIDDM. The main classes are different in their mechanism of action, safety profiles and tolerability and include: agents that stimulate insulin secretion (sulphonylureas), agents that reduce hepatic glucose production (biguanides), glinides, agents that delay digestion and absorption of carbohydrate (alpha-glucosidase inhibitors) or improve insulin action (thiazolidinediones). Today there is an extensive range of anti-diabetic drugs for oral intake for type 2 diabetes. Variation in the concentrations of those divalent cations is important to oxidative stress to which the diabetic patient’s organism is submitted. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with the increased free radical production leading to oxidative damage, and many of the pathological effects of copper overload are consistent with an oxidative damage to membranes or macromolecules. Moreover, the deficiencies and the excess of Cu are associated with specific clinical manifestations. Copper ions are involved in generation of reactive oxygen species through Fenton reaction, having a pro-oxidant action. Copper has the capacity to form covalent bounds and it takes part in many redox processes. This divalent cation is involved in SOD activity. Ĭopper (Cu) is an essential trace element, capable of fluctuating between the oxidized Cu 2+ and the reduced Cu + state, being co-factor for many enzymes. It is involved in homeostasis, in immune responses, in oxidative stress, in apoptosis and in ageing. It is required for over 300 different cellular processes, including enzyme activity, protein synthesis and intracellular signaling. Zinc (Zn) is one of the most important trace elements in the body. Magnesium (Mg) is an important divalent cation mostly localized intracellular. Divalent cations of macro and trace elements play important roles in human body. The number of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus was reported to be over 200 million people worldwide, a big part of it being NIDDM patients. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is one of the most widely spread and severe disorder currently, being the fourth mortality reason, globally.
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